Journal: Redox Biology

Article Title: Quercetin improves retinal glycolysis to slow myopia progression through orchestrating the AKT/FOXO/HK2 axis

doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2026.104139

Figure Lengend Snippet: The influence of changes in glycolysis level on myopia. A-B. HK2, PFKL, PKM2, and LDHA expression detected by Western blot in NC, LIM, LIM+2DG, LIM + PBS, NC+2DG, NC + PBS group in 4w and 6w. Samples derived from the same experiment and that blots were processed in parallel. C-D. HK2, PFKL, PKM2, and LDHA expression detected by Western blot in NC, LIM, Empty, HK2-1μl, HK2-3μl, HK2-5μl, group in 4w and 6w. Samples derived from the same experiment and that blots were processed in parallel. E-L. Bar graphs of Western blot analysis for HK2, PFKL, PKM2, and LDHA in NC, LIM, Empty, HK2-1μl, HK2-3μl, HK2-5μl group in 4w and 6w. (∗∗∗P < 0.001, ∗P < 0.05). M-T. Bar graphs of Western blot analysis for HK2, PFKL, PKM2, and LDHA in NC, LIM, LIM+2DG, LIM + PBS, NC+2DG, NC + PBS group in 4w and 6w. (∗∗∗P < 0.001, ∗P < 0.05). U. HK2, PFKL, LDHA, NRF2 and Keap1 immunofluorescence staining in NC, LIM, Empty, HK2-1μl, HK2-3μl, HK2-5μl, LIM+2DG, LIM + PBS, NC+2DG, NC + PBS group in 6w.

Article Snippet: Additionally, animals in the NC and LIM groups received intraperitoneal injections of 99.93% pure 2-Deoxy- d -glucose (2DG) (HY-13966, MedChemExpress, China) dissolved in PBS at a dose of 500 mg/kg [ , ]; these groups were designated the NC+2DG group and LIM+2DG group, respectively.

Techniques: Expressing, Western Blot, Derivative Assay, Immunofluorescence, Staining

Journal: Redox Biology

Article Title: Quercetin improves retinal glycolysis to slow myopia progression through orchestrating the AKT/FOXO/HK2 axis

doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2026.104139

Figure Lengend Snippet: Glycolysis influences the effect of oxidative phosphorylation on myopia. A. Single-cell sequencing KEGG analysis. B. Mitochondrial membrane potential detection in NC, LIM, Empty, HK2-1μl, HK2-3μl, HK2-5μl, LIM+2DG, LIM + PBS, NC+2DG, NC + PBS groups at 6 weeks. C. ROS detection in NC, LIM, Empty, HK2-1μl, HK2-3μl, HK2-5μl, LIM+2DG, LIM + PBS, NC+2DG, NC + PBS groups at 6 weeks. D. Bar graphs of Mitochondrial membrane potential analysis in NC, LIM, Empty, HK2-1μl, HK2-3μl, HK2-5μl group (∗∗∗P < 0.001, ∗P < 0.05). E. Bar graphs of Mitochondrial membrane potential analysis in NC, LIM, LIM+2DG, LIM + PBS, NC+2DG, NC + PBS group (∗P < 0.05). F. Bar graphs of ROS analysis in NC, LIM, Empty, HK2-1μl, HK2-3μl, HK2-5μl group (∗P < 0.05). G. Bar graphs of ROS analysis in NC, LIM, LIM+2DG, LIM + PBS, NC+2DG, NC + PBS group (∗∗∗P < 0.001, ∗P < 0.05). H. Bar graphs of LA analysis in NC, LIM, LIM+2DG, LIM + PBS, NC+2DG, NC + PBS group (∗∗∗P < 0.001, ∗P < 0.05). I. Mitochondrial respiratory function in the retina after 6 weeks of myopia induction. J. Bar graphs of basal mitochondrial respiration analysis in NC, LIM, HK2-5 μl, LIM+2DG, NC+2DG (∗∗P < 0.01, ∗P < 0.05). K. Bar graphs of maximal mitochondrial respiration analysis in NC, LIM, HK2-5 μl, LIM+2DG, NC+2DG (∗∗P < 0.01). L. Glycolytic function in the retina after 6 weeks of myopia induction. M. Bar graphs of glycolytic capacity analysis in NC, LIM, HK2-5 μl, LIM+2DG, NC+2DG (∗∗P < 0.01). N. Bar graphs of glycolytic reserve analysis in NC, LIM, HK2-5 μl, LIM+2DG, NC+2DG (∗∗∗P < 0.001, ∗∗P < 0.01, ∗P < 0.05) NC: normal control, LIM: lens-induced myopia, Empty: (LIM + empty AAV vector), HK2-1μl: (LIM + AAV-HK2 1 μL intravitreal injection), HK2-3μl: (LIM + AAV-HK2 3 μL intravitreal injection), HK2-5μl: (LIM + AAV-HK2 5 μL intravitreal injection), LIM+2DG: (LIM + 2-deoxy- d -glucose 500 mg/kg intraperitoneal injection), LIM + PBS: (LIM + PBS intraperitoneal injection), NC+2DG: (NC + 2-deoxy- d -glucose 500 mg/kg intraperitoneal injection), NC + PBS: (NC + PBS intraperitoneal injection).

Article Snippet: Additionally, animals in the NC and LIM groups received intraperitoneal injections of 99.93% pure 2-Deoxy- d -glucose (2DG) (HY-13966, MedChemExpress, China) dissolved in PBS at a dose of 500 mg/kg [ , ]; these groups were designated the NC+2DG group and LIM+2DG group, respectively.

Techniques: Phospho-proteomics, Single Cell, Sequencing, Membrane, Control, Plasmid Preparation, Injection

Journal: Redox Biology

Article Title: Quercetin improves retinal glycolysis to slow myopia progression through orchestrating the AKT/FOXO/HK2 axis

doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2026.104139

Figure Lengend Snippet: HK2 interacts with KEAP1 and regulates the development of myopia. A. KEAP1 and HK2 molecules docking. B. The protein interaction between KEAP1 and HK2 was analyzed by co-immunoprecipitation. C. The mean values of refraction in the right eyes of the guinea pigs after myopia induction for 0, 4, and 6 weeks between the NC, LIM, Empty, HK2-1μl, HK2-3μl, HK2-5μl groups (∗∗∗P < 0.001). D. The mean values of refraction in the right eyes of the guinea pigs after myopia induction for 0, 4, and 6 weeks between the NC, LIM, LIM+2DG, LIM + PBS, NC+2DG, NC + PBS groups ((∗∗P < 0.01, ∗P < 0.05)). E. The mean values of axial length in the right eyes of the guinea pigs after myopia induction for 0, 4, and 6 weeks between the NC, LIM, Empty, HK2-1μl, HK2-3μl, HK2-5μl groups (∗∗P < 0.01). F. The mean values of axial length in the right eyes of the guinea pigs after myopia induction for 0, 4, and 6 weeks between the NC, LIM, LIM+2DG, LIM + PBS, NC+2DG, NC + PBS groups (∗∗∗P < 0.001, ∗∗P < 0.01, ∗P < 0.05). ROS: Reactive oxygen species, NC: normal control, LIM: lens-induced myopia, Empty: (LIM + empty AAV vector), HK2-1μl: (LIM + AAV-HK2 1 μL intravitreal injection), HK2-3μl: (LIM + AAV-HK2 3 μL intravitreal injection), HK2-5μl: (LIM + AAV-HK2 5 μL intravitreal injection), LIM+2DG: (LIM + 2-deoxy- d -glucose 500 mg/kg intraperitoneal injection), LIM + PBS: (LIM + PBS intraperitoneal injection), NC+2DG: (NC + 2-deoxy- d -glucose 500 mg/kg intraperitoneal injection), NC + PBS: (NC + PBS intraperitoneal injection).

Article Snippet: Additionally, animals in the NC and LIM groups received intraperitoneal injections of 99.93% pure 2-Deoxy- d -glucose (2DG) (HY-13966, MedChemExpress, China) dissolved in PBS at a dose of 500 mg/kg [ , ]; these groups were designated the NC+2DG group and LIM+2DG group, respectively.

Techniques: Immunoprecipitation, Control, Plasmid Preparation, Injection

Journal: Redox Biology

Article Title: Quercetin improves retinal glycolysis to slow myopia progression through orchestrating the AKT/FOXO/HK2 axis

doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2026.104139

Figure Lengend Snippet: The influence of changes in glycolysis level on myopia. A-B. HK2, PFKL, PKM2, and LDHA expression detected by Western blot in NC, LIM, LIM+2DG, LIM + PBS, NC+2DG, NC + PBS group in 4w and 6w. Samples derived from the same experiment and that blots were processed in parallel. C-D. HK2, PFKL, PKM2, and LDHA expression detected by Western blot in NC, LIM, Empty, HK2-1μl, HK2-3μl, HK2-5μl, group in 4w and 6w. Samples derived from the same experiment and that blots were processed in parallel. E-L. Bar graphs of Western blot analysis for HK2, PFKL, PKM2, and LDHA in NC, LIM, Empty, HK2-1μl, HK2-3μl, HK2-5μl group in 4w and 6w. (∗∗∗P < 0.001, ∗P < 0.05). M-T. Bar graphs of Western blot analysis for HK2, PFKL, PKM2, and LDHA in NC, LIM, LIM+2DG, LIM + PBS, NC+2DG, NC + PBS group in 4w and 6w. (∗∗∗P < 0.001, ∗P < 0.05). U. HK2, PFKL, LDHA, NRF2 and Keap1 immunofluorescence staining in NC, LIM, Empty, HK2-1μl, HK2-3μl, HK2-5μl, LIM+2DG, LIM + PBS, NC+2DG, NC + PBS group in 6w.

Article Snippet: Additionally, animals in the NC and LIM groups received intraperitoneal injections of 99.93% pure 2-Deoxy- d -glucose (2DG) (HY-13966, MedChemExpress, China) dissolved in PBS at a dose of 500 mg/kg [ , ]; these groups were designated the NC+2DG group and LIM+2DG group, respectively.

Techniques: Expressing, Western Blot, Derivative Assay, Immunofluorescence, Staining

Journal: Redox Biology

Article Title: Quercetin improves retinal glycolysis to slow myopia progression through orchestrating the AKT/FOXO/HK2 axis

doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2026.104139

Figure Lengend Snippet: Glycolysis influences the effect of oxidative phosphorylation on myopia. A. Single-cell sequencing KEGG analysis. B. Mitochondrial membrane potential detection in NC, LIM, Empty, HK2-1μl, HK2-3μl, HK2-5μl, LIM+2DG, LIM + PBS, NC+2DG, NC + PBS groups at 6 weeks. C. ROS detection in NC, LIM, Empty, HK2-1μl, HK2-3μl, HK2-5μl, LIM+2DG, LIM + PBS, NC+2DG, NC + PBS groups at 6 weeks. D. Bar graphs of Mitochondrial membrane potential analysis in NC, LIM, Empty, HK2-1μl, HK2-3μl, HK2-5μl group (∗∗∗P < 0.001, ∗P < 0.05). E. Bar graphs of Mitochondrial membrane potential analysis in NC, LIM, LIM+2DG, LIM + PBS, NC+2DG, NC + PBS group (∗P < 0.05). F. Bar graphs of ROS analysis in NC, LIM, Empty, HK2-1μl, HK2-3μl, HK2-5μl group (∗P < 0.05). G. Bar graphs of ROS analysis in NC, LIM, LIM+2DG, LIM + PBS, NC+2DG, NC + PBS group (∗∗∗P < 0.001, ∗P < 0.05). H. Bar graphs of LA analysis in NC, LIM, LIM+2DG, LIM + PBS, NC+2DG, NC + PBS group (∗∗∗P < 0.001, ∗P < 0.05). I. Mitochondrial respiratory function in the retina after 6 weeks of myopia induction. J. Bar graphs of basal mitochondrial respiration analysis in NC, LIM, HK2-5 μl, LIM+2DG, NC+2DG (∗∗P < 0.01, ∗P < 0.05). K. Bar graphs of maximal mitochondrial respiration analysis in NC, LIM, HK2-5 μl, LIM+2DG, NC+2DG (∗∗P < 0.01). L. Glycolytic function in the retina after 6 weeks of myopia induction. M. Bar graphs of glycolytic capacity analysis in NC, LIM, HK2-5 μl, LIM+2DG, NC+2DG (∗∗P < 0.01). N. Bar graphs of glycolytic reserve analysis in NC, LIM, HK2-5 μl, LIM+2DG, NC+2DG (∗∗∗P < 0.001, ∗∗P < 0.01, ∗P < 0.05) NC: normal control, LIM: lens-induced myopia, Empty: (LIM + empty AAV vector), HK2-1μl: (LIM + AAV-HK2 1 μL intravitreal injection), HK2-3μl: (LIM + AAV-HK2 3 μL intravitreal injection), HK2-5μl: (LIM + AAV-HK2 5 μL intravitreal injection), LIM+2DG: (LIM + 2-deoxy- d -glucose 500 mg/kg intraperitoneal injection), LIM + PBS: (LIM + PBS intraperitoneal injection), NC+2DG: (NC + 2-deoxy- d -glucose 500 mg/kg intraperitoneal injection), NC + PBS: (NC + PBS intraperitoneal injection).

Article Snippet: Additionally, animals in the NC and LIM groups received intraperitoneal injections of 99.93% pure 2-Deoxy- d -glucose (2DG) (HY-13966, MedChemExpress, China) dissolved in PBS at a dose of 500 mg/kg [ , ]; these groups were designated the NC+2DG group and LIM+2DG group, respectively.

Techniques: Phospho-proteomics, Single Cell, Sequencing, Membrane, Control, Plasmid Preparation, Injection

Journal: Redox Biology

Article Title: Quercetin improves retinal glycolysis to slow myopia progression through orchestrating the AKT/FOXO/HK2 axis

doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2026.104139

Figure Lengend Snippet: HK2 interacts with KEAP1 and regulates the development of myopia. A. KEAP1 and HK2 molecules docking. B. The protein interaction between KEAP1 and HK2 was analyzed by co-immunoprecipitation. C. The mean values of refraction in the right eyes of the guinea pigs after myopia induction for 0, 4, and 6 weeks between the NC, LIM, Empty, HK2-1μl, HK2-3μl, HK2-5μl groups (∗∗∗P < 0.001). D. The mean values of refraction in the right eyes of the guinea pigs after myopia induction for 0, 4, and 6 weeks between the NC, LIM, LIM+2DG, LIM + PBS, NC+2DG, NC + PBS groups ((∗∗P < 0.01, ∗P < 0.05)). E. The mean values of axial length in the right eyes of the guinea pigs after myopia induction for 0, 4, and 6 weeks between the NC, LIM, Empty, HK2-1μl, HK2-3μl, HK2-5μl groups (∗∗P < 0.01). F. The mean values of axial length in the right eyes of the guinea pigs after myopia induction for 0, 4, and 6 weeks between the NC, LIM, LIM+2DG, LIM + PBS, NC+2DG, NC + PBS groups (∗∗∗P < 0.001, ∗∗P < 0.01, ∗P < 0.05). ROS: Reactive oxygen species, NC: normal control, LIM: lens-induced myopia, Empty: (LIM + empty AAV vector), HK2-1μl: (LIM + AAV-HK2 1 μL intravitreal injection), HK2-3μl: (LIM + AAV-HK2 3 μL intravitreal injection), HK2-5μl: (LIM + AAV-HK2 5 μL intravitreal injection), LIM+2DG: (LIM + 2-deoxy- d -glucose 500 mg/kg intraperitoneal injection), LIM + PBS: (LIM + PBS intraperitoneal injection), NC+2DG: (NC + 2-deoxy- d -glucose 500 mg/kg intraperitoneal injection), NC + PBS: (NC + PBS intraperitoneal injection).

Article Snippet: Additionally, animals in the NC and LIM groups received intraperitoneal injections of 99.93% pure 2-Deoxy- d -glucose (2DG) (HY-13966, MedChemExpress, China) dissolved in PBS at a dose of 500 mg/kg [ , ]; these groups were designated the NC+2DG group and LIM+2DG group, respectively.

Techniques: Immunoprecipitation, Control, Plasmid Preparation, Injection

Journal: Redox Biology

Article Title: Quercetin improves retinal glycolysis to slow myopia progression through orchestrating the AKT/FOXO/HK2 axis

doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2026.104139

Figure Lengend Snippet: The influence of changes in glycolysis level on myopia. A-B. HK2, PFKL, PKM2, and LDHA expression detected by Western blot in NC, LIM, LIM+2DG, LIM + PBS, NC+2DG, NC + PBS group in 4w and 6w. Samples derived from the same experiment and that blots were processed in parallel. C-D. HK2, PFKL, PKM2, and LDHA expression detected by Western blot in NC, LIM, Empty, HK2-1μl, HK2-3μl, HK2-5μl, group in 4w and 6w. Samples derived from the same experiment and that blots were processed in parallel. E-L. Bar graphs of Western blot analysis for HK2, PFKL, PKM2, and LDHA in NC, LIM, Empty, HK2-1μl, HK2-3μl, HK2-5μl group in 4w and 6w. (∗∗∗P < 0.001, ∗P < 0.05). M-T. Bar graphs of Western blot analysis for HK2, PFKL, PKM2, and LDHA in NC, LIM, LIM+2DG, LIM + PBS, NC+2DG, NC + PBS group in 4w and 6w. (∗∗∗P < 0.001, ∗P < 0.05). U. HK2, PFKL, LDHA, NRF2 and Keap1 immunofluorescence staining in NC, LIM, Empty, HK2-1μl, HK2-3μl, HK2-5μl, LIM+2DG, LIM + PBS, NC+2DG, NC + PBS group in 6w.

Article Snippet: Additionally, animals in the NC and LIM groups received intraperitoneal injections of 99.93% pure 2-Deoxy- d -glucose (2DG) (HY-13966, MedChemExpress, China) dissolved in PBS at a dose of 500 mg/kg [ , ]; these groups were designated the NC+2DG group and LIM+2DG group, respectively.

Techniques: Expressing, Western Blot, Derivative Assay, Immunofluorescence, Staining

Journal: Redox Biology

Article Title: Quercetin improves retinal glycolysis to slow myopia progression through orchestrating the AKT/FOXO/HK2 axis

doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2026.104139

Figure Lengend Snippet: Glycolysis influences the effect of oxidative phosphorylation on myopia. A. Single-cell sequencing KEGG analysis. B. Mitochondrial membrane potential detection in NC, LIM, Empty, HK2-1μl, HK2-3μl, HK2-5μl, LIM+2DG, LIM + PBS, NC+2DG, NC + PBS groups at 6 weeks. C. ROS detection in NC, LIM, Empty, HK2-1μl, HK2-3μl, HK2-5μl, LIM+2DG, LIM + PBS, NC+2DG, NC + PBS groups at 6 weeks. D. Bar graphs of Mitochondrial membrane potential analysis in NC, LIM, Empty, HK2-1μl, HK2-3μl, HK2-5μl group (∗∗∗P < 0.001, ∗P < 0.05). E. Bar graphs of Mitochondrial membrane potential analysis in NC, LIM, LIM+2DG, LIM + PBS, NC+2DG, NC + PBS group (∗P < 0.05). F. Bar graphs of ROS analysis in NC, LIM, Empty, HK2-1μl, HK2-3μl, HK2-5μl group (∗P < 0.05). G. Bar graphs of ROS analysis in NC, LIM, LIM+2DG, LIM + PBS, NC+2DG, NC + PBS group (∗∗∗P < 0.001, ∗P < 0.05). H. Bar graphs of LA analysis in NC, LIM, LIM+2DG, LIM + PBS, NC+2DG, NC + PBS group (∗∗∗P < 0.001, ∗P < 0.05). I. Mitochondrial respiratory function in the retina after 6 weeks of myopia induction. J. Bar graphs of basal mitochondrial respiration analysis in NC, LIM, HK2-5 μl, LIM+2DG, NC+2DG (∗∗P < 0.01, ∗P < 0.05). K. Bar graphs of maximal mitochondrial respiration analysis in NC, LIM, HK2-5 μl, LIM+2DG, NC+2DG (∗∗P < 0.01). L. Glycolytic function in the retina after 6 weeks of myopia induction. M. Bar graphs of glycolytic capacity analysis in NC, LIM, HK2-5 μl, LIM+2DG, NC+2DG (∗∗P < 0.01). N. Bar graphs of glycolytic reserve analysis in NC, LIM, HK2-5 μl, LIM+2DG, NC+2DG (∗∗∗P < 0.001, ∗∗P < 0.01, ∗P < 0.05) NC: normal control, LIM: lens-induced myopia, Empty: (LIM + empty AAV vector), HK2-1μl: (LIM + AAV-HK2 1 μL intravitreal injection), HK2-3μl: (LIM + AAV-HK2 3 μL intravitreal injection), HK2-5μl: (LIM + AAV-HK2 5 μL intravitreal injection), LIM+2DG: (LIM + 2-deoxy- d -glucose 500 mg/kg intraperitoneal injection), LIM + PBS: (LIM + PBS intraperitoneal injection), NC+2DG: (NC + 2-deoxy- d -glucose 500 mg/kg intraperitoneal injection), NC + PBS: (NC + PBS intraperitoneal injection).

Article Snippet: Additionally, animals in the NC and LIM groups received intraperitoneal injections of 99.93% pure 2-Deoxy- d -glucose (2DG) (HY-13966, MedChemExpress, China) dissolved in PBS at a dose of 500 mg/kg [ , ]; these groups were designated the NC+2DG group and LIM+2DG group, respectively.

Techniques: Phospho-proteomics, Single Cell, Sequencing, Membrane, Control, Plasmid Preparation, Injection

Journal: Redox Biology

Article Title: Quercetin improves retinal glycolysis to slow myopia progression through orchestrating the AKT/FOXO/HK2 axis

doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2026.104139

Figure Lengend Snippet: HK2 interacts with KEAP1 and regulates the development of myopia. A. KEAP1 and HK2 molecules docking. B. The protein interaction between KEAP1 and HK2 was analyzed by co-immunoprecipitation. C. The mean values of refraction in the right eyes of the guinea pigs after myopia induction for 0, 4, and 6 weeks between the NC, LIM, Empty, HK2-1μl, HK2-3μl, HK2-5μl groups (∗∗∗P < 0.001). D. The mean values of refraction in the right eyes of the guinea pigs after myopia induction for 0, 4, and 6 weeks between the NC, LIM, LIM+2DG, LIM + PBS, NC+2DG, NC + PBS groups ((∗∗P < 0.01, ∗P < 0.05)). E. The mean values of axial length in the right eyes of the guinea pigs after myopia induction for 0, 4, and 6 weeks between the NC, LIM, Empty, HK2-1μl, HK2-3μl, HK2-5μl groups (∗∗P < 0.01). F. The mean values of axial length in the right eyes of the guinea pigs after myopia induction for 0, 4, and 6 weeks between the NC, LIM, LIM+2DG, LIM + PBS, NC+2DG, NC + PBS groups (∗∗∗P < 0.001, ∗∗P < 0.01, ∗P < 0.05). ROS: Reactive oxygen species, NC: normal control, LIM: lens-induced myopia, Empty: (LIM + empty AAV vector), HK2-1μl: (LIM + AAV-HK2 1 μL intravitreal injection), HK2-3μl: (LIM + AAV-HK2 3 μL intravitreal injection), HK2-5μl: (LIM + AAV-HK2 5 μL intravitreal injection), LIM+2DG: (LIM + 2-deoxy- d -glucose 500 mg/kg intraperitoneal injection), LIM + PBS: (LIM + PBS intraperitoneal injection), NC+2DG: (NC + 2-deoxy- d -glucose 500 mg/kg intraperitoneal injection), NC + PBS: (NC + PBS intraperitoneal injection).

Article Snippet: Additionally, animals in the NC and LIM groups received intraperitoneal injections of 99.93% pure 2-Deoxy- d -glucose (2DG) (HY-13966, MedChemExpress, China) dissolved in PBS at a dose of 500 mg/kg [ , ]; these groups were designated the NC+2DG group and LIM+2DG group, respectively.

Techniques: Immunoprecipitation, Control, Plasmid Preparation, Injection

Journal: Redox Biology

Article Title: Astrocytic GSTM2-STAT3 interaction ameliorates the diabetes associated cognitive dysfunction via targeting mitochondrial defects and oxidative stress

doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2026.104137

Figure Lengend Snippet: Inhibition of STAT3/Drp1 signaling defends HG-induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial defects. (A) Western blotting of STAT3 protein levels in primary cultured astrocytes, and quantification data. n = 3. (B) Representative images of ROS content by flow cytometry analysis, and quantification data. n = 5. (C-E) MDA, GSH and SOD contents in primary cultured astrocytes. n = 5. (F) Representative images of the morphology of mitochondria by TEM in primary cultured astrocytes. Scale bar, 500 nm. (G) Mitochondrial aspect ratio, n = 3. (H) Mitochondrial cristae density, n = 3. (I) Western blotting of Mfn1, p -Drp1 and Drp1 protein levels in primary cultured astrocytes. (J) Representative images of JC-1 staining by flow cytometry analysis used to assess mitochondrial membrane potential. (K–N) OCR, ATP production, Basal respiration and Maximal respiration in primary cultured astrocytes. n = 5. si-NC (scrambled negative control siRNA); si-STAT3 (si-STAT3 primer). (High glucose, 50 mmol/L treated 48 h). Data are shown as mean ± SEM or SD. Statistical significance was defined as ∗ P < 0.05, ∗∗ P < 0.01, and ∗∗∗ P < 0.001.

Article Snippet: After reaching logarithmic growth, they were exposed to either high-glucose (HG) medium (50 mmol/L, A16828, Thermo Fisher) or mannitol (50 mmol/L, M8140-250, Beijing Solarbio Science & Technology Co., Ltd.) for 24, 48, or 72 h. Following treatment, 10 μL of CCK-8 solution was added to each well, and after a 1 h incubation at 37 °C, absorbance was measured to determine cell viability using a Cell Counting Kit-8 (CK04, Servicebio, Beijing, China).

Techniques: Inhibition, Western Blot, Cell Culture, Flow Cytometry, Staining, Membrane, Negative Control

Journal: Redox Biology

Article Title: Astrocytic GSTM2-STAT3 interaction ameliorates the diabetes associated cognitive dysfunction via targeting mitochondrial defects and oxidative stress

doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2026.104137

Figure Lengend Snippet: GSTM2 expression in astrocytes is significantly downregulated in the hippocampus of DACD mice models. (A) Experimental paradigms. (B) The represents of the exploration trajectory of db/m and db/db mice in the NOR test. (C) The preference index in the NOR test. n = 10. (D) The represents of the swimming trajectories in the MWM test. (E-G) The escape latency, across platform times and target quadrant retention time. n = 10. (H) Cluster analysis of proteomic sequencing. (I) Volcano plot volcanic map of proteomic sequencing. Red dots are raised, and green dots are decreased. Gstm2 was downregulated in hippocampus of db/db mice compared to db/m mice. (J) KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed Glutathione metabolism was the key metabolic pathways. (K) Representative images of the cellular localization and expression of GSTM2 by immunofluorescence in astrocytes (GFAP), microglia (Iba-1), neurons (NeuN), oligodendrocytes (MBP) and nucleus (DAPI) of the CA1 region in hippocampus. Scale bar, 50 μm. And quantification data. n = 3. (L) Western blotting of GSTM2 protein expression in hippocampus, and quantification data. n = 3. (M) Representative images of the localization and expression of GSTM2 by immunofluorescence in HG primary cultured astrocytes (50 mmol/L concentration glucose treated for 48 h) compared to control. Scale bar, 50 μm. And quantification data. n = 3. (N) Western blotting of GSTM2 protein expression in primary cultured astrocytes, and quantification data. n = 3. HG (High glucose, 50 mmol/L treated 48 h). Data are shown as mean ± SEM. Statistical significance was defined as ∗∗ P < 0.01 and ∗∗ P < 0.001.

Article Snippet: After reaching logarithmic growth, they were exposed to either high-glucose (HG) medium (50 mmol/L, A16828, Thermo Fisher) or mannitol (50 mmol/L, M8140-250, Beijing Solarbio Science & Technology Co., Ltd.) for 24, 48, or 72 h. Following treatment, 10 μL of CCK-8 solution was added to each well, and after a 1 h incubation at 37 °C, absorbance was measured to determine cell viability using a Cell Counting Kit-8 (CK04, Servicebio, Beijing, China).

Techniques: Expressing, Sequencing, Immunofluorescence, Western Blot, Cell Culture, Concentration Assay, Control

Journal: Redox Biology

Article Title: Astrocytic GSTM2-STAT3 interaction ameliorates the diabetes associated cognitive dysfunction via targeting mitochondrial defects and oxidative stress

doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2026.104137

Figure Lengend Snippet: GSTM2 alleviates oxidative stress and mitochondrial defects in DACD models. (A) Representative images of the morphology of astrocytes mitochondria by TEM in hippocampus. Scale bar, 1.0 μm. (B) Mitochondrial aspect ratio, n = 3. (C) Mitochondrial cristae density, n = 3. (D-F) MDA, GSH and SOD contents in hippocampus. n = 5. (G) Western blotting of GSTM2 protein expression in primary cultured astrocytes, and quantification data. n = 3. (H) Representative images of ROS content by flow cytometry analysis, and quantification data. n = 5. (I–K) MDA, GSH and SOD contents in primary cultured astrocytes. n = 5. (L) Representative images of the morphology of primary astrocytes mitochondria by TEM. Scale bar, 500 nm. (M) Mitochondrial aspect ratio, n = 3. (N) Mitochondrial cristae density, n = 3. (O) Western blotting of Mfn1, p -Drp1 and Drp1 protein levels in primary cultured astrocytes, and quantification data. n = 3. (P, Q) Representative images of JC-1 staining by flow cytometry analysis used to assess mitochondrial membrane potential. (R–U) OCR, ATP production, Basal respiration and Maximal respiration in primary cultured astrocytes. n = 5. rAAV-NC (rAAV-GFAP-EGFP-WPRE-hGH pA); rAAV-GSTM2 (rAAV-GFAP-GSTM2-EGFP-WPRE-hGH pA). Vector (pEGFP-C1 plasmid empty vector); OE-GSTM2 (pEGFP-C1-GSTM2 plasmid vector). HG (High glucose, 50 mmol/L treated 48 h). Data are shown as mean ± SEM or SD. Statistical significance was defined as ∗ P < 0.05, ∗∗ P < 0.01 and ∗∗ P < 0.001.

Article Snippet: After reaching logarithmic growth, they were exposed to either high-glucose (HG) medium (50 mmol/L, A16828, Thermo Fisher) or mannitol (50 mmol/L, M8140-250, Beijing Solarbio Science & Technology Co., Ltd.) for 24, 48, or 72 h. Following treatment, 10 μL of CCK-8 solution was added to each well, and after a 1 h incubation at 37 °C, absorbance was measured to determine cell viability using a Cell Counting Kit-8 (CK04, Servicebio, Beijing, China).

Techniques: Western Blot, Expressing, Cell Culture, Flow Cytometry, Staining, Membrane, Plasmid Preparation

Journal: Redox Biology

Article Title: Astrocytic GSTM2-STAT3 interaction ameliorates the diabetes associated cognitive dysfunction via targeting mitochondrial defects and oxidative stress

doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2026.104137

Figure Lengend Snippet: GSTM2 suppresses the phosphorylation of STAT3. (A) Experimental paradigms. (B) Top 15 list of GSTM2-binding proteins identified through GSTM2 IP-MS analysis in primary cultured astrocytes. STAT3 was identified with high level of interaction intensity. (C) Detection of the binding affinity between GSTM2 and STAT3 by SPR method. (D-E) Co-IP analysis for validation of the endogenous interaction between GSTM2 and STAT3 in primary cultured astrocytes. (F) Representative images of the cellular localization and expression of GSTM2 and STAT3 by immunofluorescence in primary cultured astrocytes. Scale bar, 50 μm. GSTM2 (red), STAT3 (green) and DAPI (blue). (G) Western blotting of p-STAT3(Ser727), STAT3 and GSTM2 protein levels in primary cultured astrocytes, and quantification data. n = 3. si-NC (scrambled negative control siRNA); si-GSTM2 (si-GSTM2 primer). Vector (pEGFP-C1 plasmid empty vector); OE-GSTM2 (pEGFP-C1-GSTM2 plasmid vector). HG (High glucose, 50 mmol/L treated 48 h). Data are shown as mean ± SEM. Statistical significance was defined as ∗ P < 0.05, ∗∗ P < 0.01, ∗∗∗ P < 0.001.

Article Snippet: After reaching logarithmic growth, they were exposed to either high-glucose (HG) medium (50 mmol/L, A16828, Thermo Fisher) or mannitol (50 mmol/L, M8140-250, Beijing Solarbio Science & Technology Co., Ltd.) for 24, 48, or 72 h. Following treatment, 10 μL of CCK-8 solution was added to each well, and after a 1 h incubation at 37 °C, absorbance was measured to determine cell viability using a Cell Counting Kit-8 (CK04, Servicebio, Beijing, China).

Techniques: Phospho-proteomics, Binding Assay, Protein-Protein interactions, Cell Culture, Co-Immunoprecipitation Assay, Biomarker Discovery, Expressing, Immunofluorescence, Western Blot, Negative Control, Plasmid Preparation